Psychoneurogastroenterology- A Review of Current Understanding
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30834/KJP.29.1.2016.49Abstract
The existence of a gastrointestinal (GI) nervous system distinct from the CNS has been recognized for more than a century. With impressive brain-like features, the GI nervous system is increasingly being postulated to have an indispensable role in the pathophysiology of various neuropsychiatric disorders. Recent research has disproved the earlier notion of the communication between the higher brain and the GI brain being a unidirectional one. The major evolutionary event of microbial colonization of the GI tract in mammals has also contributed to the complexity of the GI-brain communication, and the GI microbiome has been hypothesized to explain the genome-complexity conundrum in humans. The role of the secretory products and the genetic components, for example Pre/Pro-biotics derived from various microbial species, are becoming the focus of intense research. Though psychoneurogastroenterology is a nascent entity, the evidences accumulated over the past decade definitely indicate an enormous potential for the exploitation of the GI-brain interactions, especially in neuropsychiatric research. This review about the developments in this field is aimed at igniting more research interest into this relatively neglected field, with the hope that it may open the door to innumerous future possibilities in neuropsychiatry.
References
Gershon M. The second brain: a groundbreaking new understanding of nervous disorders of the stomach and intestine. New York, NY: HarperCollins Publishers; 1998.
McMillin DL, Richards DG, Mein EA, Nelson CD. The abdominal brain and enteric nervous system. J Altern Complement Med. 1999; 5(6):575-86.
Wood JD, Alpers DH, Andrews PLR. Fundamentals of neurogastroenterology. Gut 1999; 45(Suppl II):II6–II16.
A contemporary view of selected subjects from the pages of The New York Times, January 23, 1996. Printed in Themes of the Times: General Psychology, Fall 1996. Distributed Exclusively by Prentice-Hall Publishing Company.
Olden KW, Lydiard RB. Gastrointestinal disorders. In: Rundell JR, Wise MG, editors. Textbook of consultation-liaison psychiatry. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 1994.
Mönnikes H, Tebbe JJ, Hildebrandt M, Arck P, Osmanoglou E, Rose M, et al. Role of stress in functional gastrointestinal disorders. Evidence for stress-induced alterations in gastrointestinal motility and sensitivity. Dig Dis 2001; 19(3):201-11.
Hill JM, Bhattacharjee S, Pogue AI, Lukiw WJ. The gastrointestinal tract microbiome and potential link to Alzheimer’s disease. Front Neurol 2014; 5:43.
Bhattacharjee S, Lukiw WJ. Alzheimer's disease and the microbiome. Front Cell Neurosci 2013; 7: 153.
Zhao Y, Cui JG, Lukiw WJ. Natural secretory products of human neural and microvessel endothelial cells: Implications in pathogenic “spreading†and Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurobiol 2006; 34:181–92.
Alexandrov PN, Dua P, Hill JM, Bhattacharjee S, Zhao Y, Lukiw WJ. microRNA (miRNA) speciation in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and extracellular fluid (ECF). Int J Biochem Mol Biol 2012; 3(4):365-73.
Sarkies P, Miska EA. Is there social RNA? Science 2013; 341(6145): 467-8.
Lukiw WJ. Variability in micro RNA (miRNA) abundance, speciation and complexity amongst different human populations and potential relevance to Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Front Cell Neurosci 2013; 7:133.
Yu J, Hu S, Wang J, Wong GKS, Li S, Liu B, et al. A draft sequence of the rice genome (Oryza sativa L. ssp. indica). Science 2002; 296(5565):79-92.
Venter JC, Adams MD, Myers EW, Li PW, Mural RJ, Sutton GG, et al. The sequence of the human genome. Science 2001; 291(5507): 1304-5.
Foster JA, McVey Neufeld KA. Gut–brain axis: how the microbiome influences anxiety and depression. Trends Neurosci 2013; 36(5):305-12.
Aziz Q, Doré J, Emmanuel A, Guarner F, Quigley EM. Gut microbiota and gastrointestinal health: current concepts and future directions. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2013; 25(1):4-15.
Hornig M. The role of microbes and autoimmunity in the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric illness. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2013; 25(4):488-795.
Mitew S, Kirkcaldie MT, Dickson TC, Vickers JC. Altered synapses and gliotransmission in Alzheimer's disease and AD model mice. Neurobiol Aging 2013; 34(10):2341-51.
Messaoudi M, Violle N, Bisson JF, Desor D, Javelot H, Rougeot C. Beneficial psychological effects of a probiotic formulation (Lactobacillus helveticus R0052 and Bifidobacterium longum R0175) in healthy human volunteers. Gut Microbes 2011; 2(4): 256-61.
Carlino D, De Vanna M, Tongiorgi E. Is altered BDNF biosynthesis a general feature in patients with cognitive dysfunctions? Neuroscientist 2013; 19(4): 345-53.
Lu B, Nagappan G, Guan X, Nathan PJ, Wren P. BDNF-based synaptic repair as a disease-modifying strategy for neurodegenerative diseases. Nat Rev Neurosci 2013; 14(6):401-16.
Brenner, Steven R. Blue-green algae or cyanobacteria in the intestinal micro-flora may produce neurotoxins such as Beta-N-Methylamino-l-Alanine (BMAA) which may be related to development of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson-Dementia-Complex in humans and Equine Motor Neuron Disease in Horses. Med Hypotheses 2013; 80(1):103.
Forsythe P, Kunze WA, BienenstockJ. On communication between gut microbes and the brain. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2012; 28(6):557-62.
Carrasco-Pozo C, Mizgier ML, Speisky H, Gotteland M. Differential protective effects of quercetin, resveratrol, rutin and epigallocatechin gallate against mitochondrial dysfunction induced by indomethacin in Caco-2 cells. Chem Biol Interact 2012; 195(3): 199–205.
Douglas-Escobar M, Elliott E, Neu J. Effect of intestinal microbial ecology on the developing brain. JAMA Pediatr 2013; 167(4):374-9.
Hayashi M. Anti-basal ganglia antibody. Brain Nerve 2013; 65(4):377-84.
Adams JB, Johansen LJ, Powell LD, Quig D, Rubin RA. Gastrointestinal flora and gastrointestinal status in children with autism--comparisons to typical children and correlation with autism severity. BMC Gastroenterol 2011; 11:22.
Finegold SM, Dowd SE, Gontcharova V, Liu C, Henley KE, Wolcott RD, et al. Pyrosequencing study of fecal microflora of autistic and control children. Anaerobe 2010; 16:444-53.
Parracho HM, Bingham MO, Gibson GR, McCartney AL. Differences between the gut microflora of children with autistic spectrum disorders and that of healthy children. J Med Microbiol 2005; 54:987-91.
Sandler RH, Finegold SM, Bolte ER, Buchanan CP, Maxwell AP, Väisänen ML, et al. Short-term benefit from oral vancomycin treatment of regressive-onset autism. J Child Neurol 2000; 15:429-35.
Buryachkovskaya L, Sumarokov A, Lomakin N. Historical overview of studies on inflammation in Russia. Inflamm Res 2013; 62(5):441-50.
Saulnier DM, Ringel Y, Heyman MB, Foster JA, Bercik P, Shulman RJ, et al. The intestinal microbiome, probiotics and prebiotics in neurogastroenterology. Gut Microbes 2013; 4(1):17-27.
Messaoudi M, Lalonde R, Violle N, Javelot H, Desor D, Nejdi A, et al. Assessment of psychotropic-like properties of a probiotic formulation (Lactobacillus helveticus R0052 and Bifidobacterium longum R0175) in rats and human subjects. Br J Nutr 2011; 105(5):755-64.
Nasrallah H. Psychoneurogastroenterology: The abdominal brain, the microbiome, and psychiatry. Curr Psychiatr 2015; 14(5):10-1.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2016 Kerala Journal of Psychiatry
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
